Arcia, E. (2007). Variability in schools’ suspension rates of black students. The Journal of Negro Education, 76(4), 597-608.

Analyses of suspension data over a three-year period were conducted to explain between-school variability in the percentages of Black students suspended in secondary schools at a large urban school district Williams and associates (2002), in a study of a Black cohort of high school freshmen, found that suspensions and grade point averages were predicted by student gender and by student report of: church attendance by friends, the number of relatives who completed high school, and neighborhood deterioration.

Full article can be found here:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40037230