Noguera, P. A. (1996). Responding to the Crisis Confronting California’s Black Male Youth: Providing Support Without Furthering Marginalization. The Journal of Negro Education, 65(2), 219.

Pointing to a range of social and economic indicators, activists, educators, and policymakers have called for decisive measures to address the crises confronting Black males. In education, this has included calls for all-Black-male schools. This article critiques some of the ways problems confronting Black males are framed and acted upon, focusing on the role of race and gender in the formulation of intervention strategies. Drawing on research conducted at a California high school, it presents recommendations for programs aimed at addressing the needs of Black males that avoid the tendency to stigmatize and marginalize those targeted for help.

Full article can be found here: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2967315