Flowers, L. A. (2003). Differences in self-reported intellectual and social gains between African American and White college students at predominantly White institutions: Implications for student affairs professionals. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 41(1), 68-84.

This study examined the extent to which racial differences existed in self-reported intellectual and social gains between African American and White college students at predominantly White institutions. Taking into account the influence of an array of intervening variables, African American and White students reported significantly different intellectual and social gains in college. Implications for student affairs professionals are discussed.

Access to full article can be found here:

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2202/1949-6605.1305