McCray, C. R., Beachum, F. D., & Yawn, C. D. (2015). Saving our future by reducing suspensions and expulsions among african american males. Journal of School Leadership, 25(2), 345. In 2012, the Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights Division, presented a report titled Revealing New Truths About Our Nation’s… read more
Expulsion and Suspension Rates (ESR)
Culturally Congruent Strategies for Addressing the Behavioral Needs of Urban, African American Male Adolescents
Day-Vines, N. L., & Day-Hairston, B. O. (2005). Culturally congruent strategies for addressing the behavioral needs of urban, african american male adolescents. Professional School Counseling, 8(3), 236-243. Urban, African American male adolescents experience disproportionately higher rates of discipline referrals, suspension, and expulsion, which have been attributed to numerous ecological factors,… read more
Schools, Prisons, and Social Implications of Punishment: Rethinking Disciplinary Practices
Noguera, P. A. (2003). Schools, prisons, and social implications of punishment: Rethinking disciplinary practices. Theory into Practice, 42(4), 341-350. Throughout the United States, schools most frequently punish the students who have the greatest academic, social, economic, and emotional needs. An examination of which students are most likely to be suspended,… read more
The Achievement Gap and the Discipline Gap: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
Gregory, A., Skiba, R. J., & Noguera, P. A. (2010). The achievement gap and the discipline gap: Two sides of the same coin? Educational Researcher, 39(1), 59-68. The gap in achievement across racial and ethnic groups has been a focus of education research for decades, but the disproportionate suspension and… read more