Hall, R. E., & Rowan, G. T. (2000). African American males in higher education: A descriptive/qualitative analysis. Journal of African American Men, 5(3), 3-14.

African American males encounter various forms of oppression in higher education that correlate with their dropout & graduation rates. Institutions of higher education are in fact perceived as hostile environments & culturally irrelevant to such students. In an attempt to reverse trends by addressing issues of oppression, institutions of higher education have created programs & policies that would enable academically prepared African American students. Adapted from the source document.

Full article can be found here:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819402