Washington, E. M. (1996). A Survey of the Literature on Theories and Prevention of Black Male Youth Involvement in Violence.The Journal of Negro Education, 65(4), 403.

Part of a special issue on educating children in a violent society. The writer provides a review of research and thinking on the causes of the disproportionate involvement of black male youths in interpersonal violence and violent activities such as crime. The review indicates that there is not total agreement among researchers about either the causes of black youth involvement in violence or its treatment.

Full article can be found here:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2967142